LIE ALGEBRA CLASSIFICATION FOR THE CHAZY EQUATION AND FURTHER TOPICS RELATED WITH THIS ALGEBRA
Danilo Andrés García Hernández 1, Yeisson Alexis Acevedo Agudelo 2, Oscar Mario Londoño Duque 3, Gabriel Ignacio Loaiza Ossa 4.
1PhD en Matemáticas (IMECC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, d190684@dac.unicamp.br, ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-2602
2Magister en Matemáticas Aplicadas, Universidad EAFIT, yaceved2@eafit.edu.co, ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1640-9084
3PhD en Matemáticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, o154278@dac.unicamp.br, ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5666-8224
4PhD en Ciencias Matemáticas, Universidad EAFIT, gloaiza@eafit.edu.co, ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2413-1139
ABSTRACT
It is known that the classification of the Lie algebras is a classical problem. Due to Levi’s Theorem the question can be reduced to the classification of semi-simple and solvable Lie algebras. This paper is devoted to classify the Lie algebra generated by the Lie symmetry group of the Chazy equation. We also present explicitly the one parame-ter subgroup related to the infinitesimal generators of the Chazy symmetry group. Moreover the classification of the Lie algebra associated to the optimal system is investigated.
Keywords: Chazy equation; Lie symmetries, Classification of the group of Lie symmetries, Lie algebra, One parameter subgroup.
Recibido: 14 de febrero de 2021. Aceptado: 24 de Agosto de 2021
Received: February 14, 2021. Accepted: August 24, 2021
DOI:https://doi.org/10.33571/rpolitec.v17n34a7
CLASIFICACIÓN DEL ÁLGEBRA DE LIE PARA LA ECUACIÓN DE CHAZY Y TEMAS RELACIONADOS CON ESTA ALGEBRA
RESUMEN
La clasificación de las álgebras de Lie es un problema clásico. Acorde al teorema de Levi la cuestión puede reducirse a la clasificación de álgebras de Lie semi-simples y solubles. Este artículo está dedicado a clasificar el álgebra de Lie generada por el grupo de simetría de Lie para la ecuación de Chazy. También presentamos explícitamente los subgrupos a un parámetro relacionados con los generadores de las simetrías del grupo de Chazy. Además, la clasificación de la algebra de Lie asociada al sistema optimo es investigada.
Palabras clave: Ecuación de Chazy; Simetrías de Lie, Clasificación del grupo de simetrías de Lie, Algebra de Lie, grupo a un parámetro.
Cómo citar este artículo: D.A. García, Y.A. Acevedo, O.M. Londoño and G.I. Loaiza. “Lie algebra classification for the Chazy equation and further topics related with this algebra” Revista Politécnica, vol.17, no.34 pp.101-109, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33571/rpolitec.v17n34a7
1. INTRODUCTION
The classification of the Lie algebras is a classical problem, which can be reduced to the classification of semi-simple and solvable Lie algebras using the Levi’s theorem. The Levi’s theorem state that for a finite dimensional Lie algebra in a field with characteristic zero it is possible to write this algebra as a direct sum of a solvable Lie algebra and a semi-simple one. For a Good lecture about the classification of Lie algebras the authors recommend see [1, 2, 3, 4]. The theory of the Lie symmetry method is important for different branches of science and engineering because this method helps to study the differential equations that are related to the phenomena that arise in these research areas. In particular, the classification of Lie algebras that are related with this groups of symmetries. Using the Lie algebra it is possible to investigate the automorphism group and use this in turn to study the equations of differences that is associated with the accuracy of numerical analysis methods, see [5, 6, 7].
The classification of the Lie algebra has been carry
out in different works. For example in [8] it was presented that the Lie
algebra associated to generalizations of the Kummer–Schwarz equation in a
particular case is ⊕
. Moreover, in [9] the
authors classify the Lie algebra corresponding for a Generalization of the
Levinson–Smith equation, and it is proved that this Lie algebra is a solvable
nonnilpotent five dimensional Lie algebra which is isomorphic to g5,35 in the MubarAkzyanov’s
classification. In this sense, this paper is devoted to study the Lie
algebra generated by the Lie symmetry group of the equation.
which is known as Chazy equation and was introduced
by the same author in [10]. The solution to this equation implies the solution
to the equation , which have applications related to the
Prandtl boundary layer for a two-dimensional and radial fluid with uniform main
current velocity [11]. The optimal algebra and invariant solutions for the
Chazy 2 equation (1) is obtained at [12], where the commutators table of the
symmetry group of (1) was obtained, which is necessary to the present work too.
This paper is devoted to classify the Lie algebra generated by the Lie symmetry
group of the Chazy equation and is organized as follows: in section (2) the Lie
algebra classification of the Chazy equation is investigated. This Lie Algebra
is semisimple, furthermore it will be prove that the Lie algebra of the Chazy
equation is isomorphic to the special linear Lie algebra. We also present an
applications of this infinitesimal generators by plotting them. Section (3)
treats about the calculation of the one parameter subgroup related to the
infinitesimal generators of the Chazy equation. The classification of the Lie
algebra related to the optimal system is investigated in section (4). Finally,
in section (5) some conclusions and future works are given.
2. LIE ALGEBRA CLASSIFICATION FOR CHAZY’S EQUATION
The generating operators of Lie symmetry group to (1) are presented in [13] by the following vector fields:
The above indicates that the vector space generated by the operators described forms a 3-dimensional Lie algebra. Now, in [12], the Table of commutators for the group of symmetries (2) is calculated, see Table 1.
Table 1. Commutators of the symmetry group.
According to the Table (1), we have
Following [14, 2, 15, 16] it is possible to classify the Lie algebra of the group of symmetries (3), by using the next statement over structure constant of any two Lie algebra.
Definition 1
Let g a finite-dimensional Lie algebra over an
arbitrary field K. Choose a basis , are called structure constants. The structure constants form a structure tensor,
which is an element of the space
⊗
⊗
g.
Proposition 1
Let and
be two Lie algebras of dimensión
.
Suppose each has a basis with respect to which the structure constant are the
same. Then
and
are isomorphic. We will denote K(., .) to be the
Cartan-Killing form. The next propositions can be found in [2].
Proposition 2
(Cartan’s theorem) A Lie algebra is semisimple if and
only if its Killing form is nondegenerate. Denote the Lie algebra generated by the vector
fields that became of the group Lie point symmetry of the Chazy’s equations.
Let us to consider the brackets relations given in
(3). Now we need to calculate the Cartan-Killing form and then check if this
Lie algebra is a semisimple Lie algebra by the Cartan’s criterion of semisimple
Lie algebras. Since the Killing forms play on important role in the
classification of the Lie algebras for example, the Killing form allows us to
completely classify real simple algebras, we are going to give explicitly the
Cartan-killing for this case. Let that has a basis Π3,
Π1 and Π2, regarding this basis we first compute the
adjoint representations:
Then, the matrix of the Killing form is
We obtain that the determinant of that matrix is non zero, as a result of that the associated Killing form is a nondegenerate bilinear form and by (2) this Lie algebra is a semisimple Lie algebra.
Denoting the numbers of positive
eigenvalues and let
denote the numbers of negative eigenvalues,
the par
is called the signature. Signature is as
fundamental to a symmetric bilinear form as eigenvalues are to linear
transformations. Finally, using the last definition, so the signature of the
Cartan-Killing form associate to the Chazy equation is (2, 1). As a consequence
we have the next proposition.
Proposition 3
Let us to consider the basis of the three dimensional
Lie algebra of the Lie point group symmetries given by which are defined
above. Then the Lie algebra
is isomorphic to the special linear Lie
algebra,
.
Proof. Consider the following assignment , then
by substituting in (3) we have
and
that is we obtain the same
structure constant of the
, therefore by the proposition 3,
and
the Lie algebra of the Lie point group symmetries of the chazy equation
are
isomorphic.
As a consequence of the proposition 3, the Lie
algebra of the Chazy equation is a semisimple Lie algebra and consequently its
derived Lie algebra is the same Lie algebra, i.e.
Graphics of the infinitesimal generators (2)
The infinitesimal generators (2) have the next graphics
Fig. 1. Infinitesimal generator X2.
Fig. 2. Infinitesimal generator X3.
Fig. 3. Infinitesimal generator X1.
The Fig. 3 represent the infinitesimal generator X1. This infinitesimal generator is a traslation, that means that the differential equation (1) is invariants under translations. In the same way the Figures 1 and 2, represent the geometry of the one parameter subgroup given in (4) which are associated to the infinitesimal generators X2 and X3 respectively.
3. ONE PARAMETER SUBGROUP FOR THE CHAZY EQUATION
As an application of the infinitesimal generators given in (2) of the Lie algebra spanned by this vector fields, we calculate the one parameter subgroup of this Lie algebra. For this purpose it is necessary to solve the following Lie system of differential equations, [17, 18, 19]:
for = 1, 2, 3. where an infinitesimal generator
is written in the form
with and
differentiable functions. Then
for each case of the infinitesimal generators in (2) we solved the system of
differential equations (4). Thus, the following proposition holds
Proposition 4
The one-parameter group generated by the symmetries are given by
We also have the inverse transformation
4. CLASSIFICATION RELATED TO THE INFINITESIMAL GENERATORS OF THE OPTIMAL SYSTEM FOR CHAZY EQUATION
In [20], the authors calculated the optimal system for the Chazy Equation (1), obtaining the following generators:
Now we proceed to classify the Lie algebra formed by these elements. The above indicates that the vector space generated by the operators described forms a 4-dimensional Lie algebra. In the Table 2 the commutators of the symmetries is presented.
Table 2. Commutators of the symmetry group for the optimal system.
Let us to denote by the Lie algebra spanned by the
generators
In order to classify the Lie algebra of the
optimal system, we first calculate the matrix associated to the Cartan-Killing form:
The determinant of this matrix is zero and by
proposition (2) this Lie algebra cannot be a semisimple Lie algebra. Moreover,
this Lie algebra is a Levi’s type, that is, a decomposable Lie algebra which is
a direct sum of a solvable Lie algebra and a semisimple Lie algebra. Indeed, If
we make the next assignment then we obtain the desomposition
=
⊕
, where
denote the one dimensional
abelian Lie algebra. Note that
Therefore the next proposition holds
Proposition 5
The Lie algebra associated to the optimal system is
isomorphic to g = ⊕
,
where
denote the one dimensional abelian Lie
algebra.
5. CONCLUSION
In this work it was proved that the Lie algebra to
the equation (1), is isomorphic to and the signature of the
Cartan-Killing form associate to the Chazy Equation is (2, 1). This algebra is
a semisimple Lie algebra. The one parameter subgroup is computed, by means that
it is the group transformation group. Besides, the Lie algebra classification
of the optimal system is performed. This Lie algebra is the Levi’s type. Notice
that the Levi subalgebra is in fact the special Linear algebra
.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Danilo A.G.H is grateful to CAPES, Brazil, for the financial support.
7. DECLARATION INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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